Alexander V. Oleskin* & Boris A. Shenderov**

*General Ecology Department, Biology Faculty, Moscow State University

** Gabrichevsky Institute of Epidemiology & Microbiology, Federal Service for Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare

Abstract. The introductory section of this review article focuses on the microbiota that inhabits the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. Emphasis is placed upon potential and actually used probiotic microorganisms. Evidence is presented that suggests an important role of neuromediators (biogenic amines, amino acids, peptides, and gasotransmitters) in terms of (1) regulatory intra- and interspecies communication within the microbial consortium of the GI tract and other organs of the human body and (2) the bilateral microbiota—host dialogue. This dialogue implicates both the influence of host neuromediators on the microbiota and the production of microbial substances that exert a neurochemical effect on the human organism and particularly on the central nervous system. In this work, the implications of this dialogue with respect to human health, psyche, and social behavior are emphasized. The production of a new generation of probiotics with goal-directed neurochemical effects is .a promising area of research and development straddling the boundaries between neurophysiology, medicine, and biotechnology.

Key words: probiotics, symbiotic microbiota, gastro-intestinal tract, neuromediators, biogenic amines, serotonin, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), dopamine, histamine, DOPA, catecholamines, amino acids, GABA, taurine, glutamate, aspartate, glycine, neuropeptides, opiates, dynorphine, , new-generation probiotics, OMIC technology, milk, dairy products.

А.В. Олескин, кафедра общей экологии, Биологический факультет Московского государственного университета им. М.В. Ломоносова, e-mail aoleskin@rambler.ru

В настоящей обзорно-теоретической работе излагается междисциплинарный методологический сетевой подход в приложении к 1) организации микробиоты как децентрализованной распределенной кооперативной сетевой структуры, чья координация поведения основана на комплексе локальных контактных межклеточных взаимодействий (“ближний порядок”), набора химических регуляторов и феромонов, в том числе аутоиндукторов quorum sensing-систем (дальний порядок»), а также интегрирующего микробную колонию (биопленку) межклеточного матрикса и 2) взаимодействию человеческого организма как структуры с иерархической компонентой (центральная нервная система)  и сетевой структуры микробиоты. В этом взаимодействии «хозяйской» иерархии и микробных сетей проявляются системные деструктивные свойства сетей, включая коммуникацию вопреки границам и барьерам, растрату ресурсов, нарушение ритма системы, перехват сетью регуляторных функций. Все эти свойства сетей вовлечены в возникновение патологий (дисбактериозов), которые обусловливают серьезные трудности  и проблемы при реабилитации пациентов.

NETWORK STRUCTURES, SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS, AND MICROBIOME-HOST INTERACTIVITY

Alexander V. Oleskin, General Ecology Department, Biology Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, e-mail aoleskin@rambler.ru

This conceptual review work focuses on the interdisciplinary  network approach that is applied to (i) the organization of the microbiota, a decentralized, distributed cooperative network structure; coordination of its behavior involves local intercellular interaction (“short-range order”), a set of chemical regulators and pheromones, including quorum-sensing autoinducers (“long-range order”), and the intercellular matrix that cements a microbial colony/biofilm and (ii) interactivity between the human organism as a partly hierarchical structure (because of the organizational pattern of the central nervous system)---and the microbiota’s network structure. This host hierarchy—microbial network interaction is under the influence of systemic properties of networks that are potentially destructive. They include communication across borders/barriers, resource depletion, disruption of the hierarchy’s rhythms, and assuming control over it. All these detrimental properties of networks are implicated in the development of pathological processes (dysbiosis) that may impede the rehabilitation of patients. 

А.В. Олескин

Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова